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Note: Below are some frequently-asked questions, as well as their answers concerning the Opinion Survey on the Public Ranking of Universities. We welcome the public to submit other questions, so that we can keep on increasing and revising our questions and answers. Please email your questions to [email protected]. We will reply to them as soon as possible, and have them uploaded to our webiste.















 
 
Q1: HKU Public Opinion Programme is affiliated to the University of Hong Kong, is there a conflict of roles when conducting an opinion survey on the public ranking of universities?
 
 
A1: In order to ensure the interviewers are not affected by the above-mentioned factor, our interviewers have throughout the years emphasized that HKU Public Opinion Programme is a neutral research body, and reminded the respondents not to make any decisions based on the fact that we are affiliated to the University of Hong Kong. Should we have not been commissioned by any independent organization to carry out this research independently, we would not take the initiative to conduct any survey of related kind. On the other hand, if we did not carry out the surveys because of our affiliation with the University of Hong Kong, which means in a broader sense, all tertiary institutions and academic staff should not conduct similar kind of survey, or to participate in any universities ranking, and all government departments should not carry out their own public opinion survey too. Therefore, when this is inevitable, the best way is to declare our interests in conducting this survey.
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Q2: Most ideally, who should be in charge of the survey on the public ranking of universities?
 
 
A2: The most ideal research, of course, should be carried out by the most credible organization. It would be the best if all tertiary institutions can collaborate and apply scientific method to carry out a joint survey. However, it seems that the majority of similar type of surveys was usually conducted by independent bodies in many countries. If Hong Kong can develop a better system to rank the tertiary institutions, we are very pleased to pass on all of our data and experience to related research organizations.
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Q3: Should the most ideal survey on the public ranking of universities include public opinion components?
 
 
A3: That really depends. We started conducting surveys on public perception of tertiary institutions in 2001, because we think related statistics is valuable as a reference. Academic organizations always used professional knowledge to monitor the society, but they should also be monitored by the society. Whereas for other organizations, including our partner, Education 18.com, it is neither our responsibility nor strength to understand how they apply the survey data in their professional ranking. Before 2001, Education 18.com have conducted ranking of universities for many times, and we trust their experience and talent, we never participate in or comment on their ranking methodology.
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Q4: Can different universities be compared?
 
 
A4:Different universities have different characteristics; it can be compared but not fully compared. No matter it is public opinion poll or professional rating; comparable units include schools, faculties, departments, subjects, students, courses, or even individual objective-oriented efficiency, etc. However, if we only say differences exist but they are not comparable, it is not reasonable at all. Someone says, orange and apples cannot be compared. But they are both fruits, aren』t they? If someone says he/she prefers apple to orange, this is a result of comparison, isn』t it? If orange and apple can never be compared, that means red apple cannot be compared with green apple, and milky bananas and wild bananas cannot be compared too. In fact, everything can be compared, it depends on the weight of its meanings. If people think comparing universities is meaningful, that』s it.
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Q5: Are there any examples to conduct universities ranking by public opinion polls around the world?
 
 
Q5: US Gallup Poll collaborated with different medias to conduct a telephone survey related to US universities ranking in August 1999 and July 2003. They interviewed more than 1000 respondents in each survey. Both survey polls suggested that Harvard University is always the top university in the US, and this is also widely reported by the CNN. The follow websites cover the news about the two polls.
http://www.gallup.com/poll/3634/Harvard-Tops-Gallup-Poll-List-Best-University.aspx (1999 survey)
http://www.gallup.com/poll/9109/Harvard-Number-One-University-Eyes-Public.aspx (2003 survey)
Gallup Poll emphasized, results obtained from public opinion survey would be different from professional ratings. But this represents how the US citizens perceive, and this is also part of Gallup Poll』s job.

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Q6: In the survey sample, many respondents have never studied in the university before, do you think it is appropriate for these people to rate the universities or the Vice-Chancellor/President/Principal?
 
 
A6: People who have never entered the university do not mean that they know nothing about the universities. For example, elders or parents can understand the good and bad things about the universities through their children or relatives. Many parents have spent a lot of time to compare the universities for the sake of their children. Their opinions would not be the same as the experts, but they still have the freedom to express their opinions. This is exactly the same when the general public can express their opinions about government officials or social policies, although these people may have superficial knowledge, or they know nothing at all.
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Q7: The general public are not experts, what is the meaning of their opinions?
 
 
A7: As reflected from the name, 「Opinion Survey on the Public Ranking of Universities in Hong Kong」 aims to reflect the general public』s subjective appraisal of all the universities in Hong Kong. It is not professional assessments. However, the government and those privately or publicly owned organizations should always understand their own standing through evaluation of the general public. Shortcomings should be fixed whereas strengths should be rewarded. In fact, many universities have conducted public perceptions surveys for internal references. If universities can seek improvements on their public image according to these survey results, why shouldn』t an independent organization carry out similar surveys and release the data as public information?
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Q8: If the survey results revealed that the ranking of universities had remarkable variations among people from different levels, how should we interpret the results?
 
 
A8: Our survey revealed that, people from different levels did rate the universities differently, showing that they have not used the same criterion in the rating questions. For example, people with higher education level usually adopt a wider spectrum due to their stronger analytical abilities. However, in terms of the order of ranks, those of the universities have remained almost the same, reflecting the extremely stable and reliable relative rankings.
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Q9: Why don』t we conduct a ranking survey targeting at people working in the education sector?
 
 
A9: We definitely welcome this kind of survey so as to examine this topic in various angles. As a matter of fact, along with the public opinion survey, Education18.com has also requested us to design and conduct an opinion survey of local secondary school principals on the university rankings since 2007. POP was responsible for designing the questionnaire and processing the data, while Education18.com would decide on how to use the findings, entirely on its own without any input from POP. On the other hand, we also welcome similar surveys targeting at the entire education sector. However, we need to be very careful in handling any conflict of interest, especially among those who are working in the tertiary institutions.
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Q10: Are there any problems with the survey when staff or students have to assess their own universities?
 
 
A10:One have to first examine the survey』s details, like the sampling method, response rate and questionnaire design, in order to comment on the survey, and therefore no simple conclusion could be drawn here. Overall speaking, it is possible that members from different institutions will have different demands on their own institutions, while those variations may be due to the different backgrounds of members. For example, students with excellent results from a certain university may have higher demands on their university, and therefore will tend to give less positive appraisal to it, and vice versa. Besides, if members from a university do not answer honestly as they worry the survey results will affect the university』s reputation, there will be another kind of deviation. This is the shortcoming.
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Q11: Some comments suggesting that in our questionnaire, there are some items which are hard to be understood by the public, such as qualification of the universities』 teaching staff, academic research performance and leadership abilities of Vice-Chancellors/ Presidents/Principals. Are there problems with the design of the questionnaire?
 
 
A11: This is another subjective question which should be judged by independent professionals. For key questions in our previous questionnaires, respondents were asked to 「use a scale of 0-10, with 0 representing the worst, 10 representing the best and 5 being half-half, to describe your overall assessment towards XXX」. This is a frequently-used scale in Hong Kong and the Western countries. Items mentioned in the questions, such as qualification of the universities』 teaching staff, academic research performance, leadership abilities and vision of Vice-Chancellors/Presidents/Principals, in fact were just hints to assist the respondents to give comprehensive thoughts to the questions, as well as diluting the 「labeling effect」 of the universities. Since the phrasing of questions was exactly the same for all institutions, it should be fair even though the respondents』 answers were influenced.
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Q12: Why don』t we simply ask the respondents to name their perceived best university, but have to use a scale of 0-10 marks to rate each university?
 
 
A12: Absolute rating according to individual attributes, rather than relative ranking was used here, as the former is more conducive to profile analysis of relative strength and weaknesses for individual institutions. Although the amount of resources used is 9 times more than that of a single question, polarization of differences between the best and the worst can be avoided and thus, is a more carefully-designed research method. Take for an example, if University A is a bit better than University B and all respondents can only choose one from two, the former will win with a landslide majority. On the other hand, if respondents can rate according to individual attributes, A may obtain 9 marks and B may obtain 8 marks, and both can be considered as good.
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Q13: In the employers』 section of this survey, the sample size was only about 200. Are the results representative?
 
 
A13: Whether the figures are representative enough in fact depend on the acceptable standard error margins. As long as we list all our findings together with their error margins, the general readers would be able to judge the accuracy of the figures on their own. In this year』s survey, the standard error for this part was less than +/-7 percentage points at 95% confidence level, which was enough to differentiate many answers. As for the use of these findings collected from employers, it would be entirely up to 「Education18.com」 to deicide on its own, independent of POP.
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Q14: There are always controversies arising from the ranking of universities, how could we benefit by mutual discussion?
 
 
A14: We welcome rational discussion, but we are unwilling to participate in any emotional arguments flavoured with money-betting. We have never asked either explicitly and implicitly for support from academics and friends, but we are also not afraid of pressure unrelated to academic excellence, including any intention to resort to public pressure or administrative intervention. Our only concern is to do our best in the public opinion survey part that we are responsible for. Should anyone come up with a set of more well-designed ranking mechanism, we would be more than willing to provide comments and assistance.
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Q15: The Hong Kong Economic Journal Monthly published a survey report called 「Comparison of Advantages on the Eight Institutions of Higher Education in Hong Kong 2007」 in its May 2007 issue. How is this survey compared with the ranking surveys conducted by POP?
 
 
A15: After the publication of its first report in October 2003 on 「Comparison of Advantages on the Eight Institutions of Higher Education in Hong Kong」, the Hong Kong Economic Journal Monthly again published its second report on 「Comparison of Advantages on the Eight Institutions of Higher Education in Hong Kong 2007」 in its May 2007 issue. The difference is that the 2007 report does not give an overall ranking of the eight institutions, which is contrary to the general practice adopted by most international and Chinese Mainland media. We at POP welcome similar studies by other media or organizations, in order to develop our collective wisdom.
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