Submissions to open-ended question返回

Unedited submissions to the following open-ended question:
"Your other opinions on constitutional reform (if any):"


(A) Demand for universal suffrage
  1  Direct election of all legco and CE at once (now). 
  2  Constitional reform should ensure universal suffrage on members of the Legislative Council and the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Peoples republics of China as soon as possible. 
  3  One man one vote. No man more than one vote. The philosopher king worked well for in antiquity, to suggest that Hong Kong is not mature enough for democracy is to no better than suggesting our people are slaves. 
  4  One person on vote election system should be implemented as soon as possible. 
  5  UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE (ONE-AUDLT-ONE VOTE) FOR ALL LEGCO MEMBERS AND CHIEF EXECUTIVE AS SOON AS POSSIBLE. VIEWS OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED BUT ARE FAR LESS IMPORTANT THAN THE CONCENSUS VIA ONE-ADULT-ONE VOTE UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE. 
  6  Universal suffrage on both CE and Legco be adopted as soon as possible, i.e. 2007 and 2008 respectively. The abolition of functional constituencies is required to see equality of people. 
  7  Hong Kong residents are wise enough to elect their representatives now. The more residents participate in the election, the stronger is the mandate of the administration. 
  8  I want to implement direct election on both election of Chief Executive and Lego Council as soon as possible. During the past six years, the HKSAR government performs badly. Government Officials made heavy mistake (error) have not hem penalized, worst still they are even get promoted. How 's come HKSAR government's transparency is not high enough. 
  9  Universal suffrage should be implemented as soon as possible. 
  10  All LegCo members and the Chief Executive should be returned by universal suffrage as soon as possible. 
  11  One-adult-one-vote universal suffrage should be implemented immediately for the election of LegCo & Chief Executive. 
  12  I believe in one-adult-one-vote in election of Chief Executive and all Legislative Councilors and consider that this should take place ASAP. This is the fairest system to protect the interests of the general public as a whole. 
  13  UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE SHOULD BE ADOPTED AND ENCOURAGED IN THE SOONEST POSSIBLE MANNER IN HONG KONG WITH THE LEAST UNJUSTIFIED INFLUENCE FROM ANY "SOURCE OF INFLUENTIAL POWER/AUTHORITY". 
  14  Universal suffrage should be hold ASAP for both the Legco election and for the Chief Executive, though the 2 should be independent of each others. Should also reduce the number of functional constituctions to become geographical constituencies after 2008. Note: In Q1, I assume you are asking about the "political interest" rater than "economic" interest. 
  15  Full legislature and The Chief Executive directly elected in year 2004 or latest year 2008.  
  16  The elections for all members of LegCo and Chief Executive should be returned by universal suffrage as soon as possible (of course, after the time of 2008 & 2007 respectively.) 
  17  Hong Kong people are ready for universal suffrage. 
  18  Elections need to be made as democratic as possible as soon as possible! Functional Constituencies are simply a means for vested interests to maintain their privileged positions, and the status quo. 
  19  Constitutional reform in Hong Kong should be speeded up in order to maintain Hong Kong as a World Class city. It is now the right time ("in the light of the actual... orderly progress) as the society is natured with would class citizens, as given in Basic Law, and within the 50 years of high degree of autonomy prescribed in the Sino-British Joint Declaration. Let the citizens not be polarized and march jointly hand in hand towards the goal of universal suffrage as soon as possible. 
  20  The Chief Executive and all members of Legco should be elected by universal suffrage in 2007 and 2008 respectively. 
  21  Direct election for the Chief Executive should start on 2007 and Legco on 2008. Functional constituencies should be abandoned on 2008. 
  22  Legco & the Chief Executive should be elected by universal suffrage in 2007. There should be any functional constituencies from 2007 onwards. 
  23  I am in favour of one-adult-one-vote universal suffrage of the Chief Executive in Year 2007, and one-adult-one vote universal suffrage of all LegCo members in Year 2008.  
  24  The Lego should be fully directly elected by 2008 and the Chief Executive should be elected by one-adult-one-vote by 2007.  
  25  Universal suffrage is the best of the worst options. Those who say that Hong Kong is not ready are pretending to be more knowledgeable than other common Hong Kong people and are only interested in safeguarding their privileged positions.  
  26  The principle that the constitutional reform should be carried out in the light of the actual situation in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and in accordance with the principle of gradual and orderly progress was hotly debated and accepted in mid 1980's. The voice of the general public is not as clear as that at present. It is incomprehensible that Hong Kong is stagnant for 20 years in the constitutional development. Further delay of introduction of universal suffrage is really not responding the demand by the general public that has been clearly spelt out in the demonstration on 1st July 2003. One argument is that universal suffrage may result in welfarism and Hong Kong cannot afford any economic disturbances. However, the present system also cannot guarantee the quality of the leadership which is so evident by the performance of the government in the past few years. The present system, nevertheless, cannot make the Chief Executive and the Legislative Councilors responsive to the opinion of the general public. To ease the worries of the central government, general election of the Chief Executive from candidates that are acceptable by it is a reasonable compromise. After all, the central government has to appoint the elected candidate at last. If someone who is unacceptable gets elected, it will only cause a serious constitutional crisis. Regarding the Legislative Council, it is very difficult to define a functional constitutiency and functional constitutiency may deter the representative to think in a wider perspective of whole Hong Kong. I think the geographical constituency should be as large as possible (3 - 4 for the whole Hong Kong). Parties earn seats proportional to the number of votes they get from the election. This will encourage the representative to have a wider perspective and pay less attention to the district interest. Proportional representation can also allow different views are accepted in the Legco. Being a middle-class grown up in Hong Kong, I have never thought of emigration until recently. In 1980's, I could see that Mainland China had been opening up and Hong Kong could be an important gateway for Mainland China. Central government does have the resolve to maintain the "One Country, Two Systems" for Hong Kong so as to ensure its continued prosperity. Now, it is the failure of Hong Kong local government and mis-representation of some Hong Kong people to the central government that lead the central government change the policy towards Hong Kong. Housing Policy, SARS, the distortion of the interpretation of the demonstration on 1st July 2003, the criticism against Martin Lee's trip to US' Congress, change of Basic Law through interpretation, Harbour Festival and so on really suffocate me. Although Martin Lee praised the present leadership of central government, he was severely criticized that he always tells lies and never says the truth. Personal attack without really listening like this surely is not what we want in Hong Kong. Without the freedom and the spirit of law, this is not the Hong Kong that I get used to. Because of the cultural differences between Mainland China and Hong Kong, without a democratic government, I can't see we can withhold these basic principles that we treasure.  
  27  On question, I support any proposal that progressing to universal suffrage, though I'm not satisfied with the schedule and the increasing number of legco members. We need quality lawmakers rather than quantity. As a transition period, I accept increasing seats for geographical constituencies but then the functional constituency should be faded out/eliminated gradually. We should build a transparent and level-playing system for all interest groups to compete for the public power. Now, "pro-government" pal get the seats and "pro-democracy" get the votes. All of them are enjoying political free lunch. HK should study the progress on Mainland's political reform. Some regional governments have started direct election. It is a strong argument for HK to have a step ahead. 
  28  If there were no universal suffrage or similar means of election, there would be no way to improve the communication between government and public, hence no way to achieve a fair performance evaluation. Human behavior is always tied with rewards, irrespective of the environment (business, government, academic, etc). Whoever gives you the rewards (salary, authority, marks, etc) is your boss. And the objective of your work is to achieve what is set by your boss. Painful, but true. Under the current system or a similar system, the Chief Executive and the Government would always be the follower of Central Government. Just like the Chinese saying, "One Mr. Tung gone. Thousands of Mr. Tung are waiting!" 

(B) Demand for a step-by-step and progressive democratic development
  29  There should be an agreed timetable for the universal suffrages. Once the timetable is clear, interested parties can then prepare themselves for the elections. In this case, we will then have an environment to develop our political leaders. 
  30  Once a realistic timetable and the mechanism is set, Hong Kong people should be able to manage the transition to full and true democracy.  
  31  A constant stream of late arrivals during the warm-up band and coming and going during the main band totally blocked my view (Yes, I can still the large screen but I came to see the performer in person not on TV). To see I had to stand on my chair. Late arrivals should only be allowed during appropriate breaks in the performance (as happens at City Hall concerts). Or walkways to access seating could be lower level than level of seats. 
  32  (1) A definite timetable would be needed for the reform in Legco election and Chief Executive election. (2) 2008 would be one preferred year for the conduction of Legco election and Chief Executive election. The next preferred year would be 2012. 
  33  (1) A timetable for reform must be established. (2) Functional constituencies: A member of all functional constituencies should elect by all members of the trade not the business is owner. This can meet partial need of the citizen. 
  34  The constitutional reform shall be implemented as soon as possible with detailed plan and preparation. The progress of the reform shall be reported to public on a regular basis and seek public consultation by stages as appropriate. Different political parties shall be invited to the reform committee in order to consider full and wide range of public interest. 
  35  1. Reform should be step-by-step and carried out gradually.2. No immediate need for universal suffrage at the moment.3. A lot more education about citizenship required before universal suffrage being carried out. 
  36  While people are claiming their rights to vote (to have their representatives in LegCo), it is more important to educate the voters or future / potential voters on not only their rights but also their obligations. If our voters are not mature enough, the constitutional reform for more direct election would only be a disaster. 
  37  RIDICAL REFORM WILL HURT INVESTOR CONFINDENCE IN HONG KONG.. 
  38  1. Constitutional reform should be progressed steadily and in pace with the reform in PRC. 2. The election system is the developed shall not be blindly followed as Hong Kong could never/should never politically independent. The direct election of LegCo members and the Chief Executive might eventually provoke the independence of HKSAR. 
  39  The constitutional reform should not be proceeded too quickly without considencing the political situation of Hong Kong. The enactment of national security law is closely linked to the constitutional reform. Without the fulfillment of Article 23 legislation, no universal suffrage is feasible. 
  40  Not right time for election by universal suffrage until after 2020. 
  41  There should be no hurry to reform. Constitutional reform is not a priority compared to political matunity. There're no political parties in HK new that are mature enough to run HK, not even the government itself. Let's get some political maturity before giving power to constitutional reform. 
  42  Political reform shall not be too aggressive and shall neglect the opinion of the aggressive political parties, - central government shall respect the hope of Hong Kong citizens of ultimate suffrage of Chief Executive, - Central government shall organiz...(incomplete submission) 
  43  Those support "quick" constitutional reform teach to ignore the "costs" of democracy. 
  44  1. Legco election: 2012 - 10 functional +50 geographical coast = 602016 - 0 functional +60 geographical coast = 602. Chief Executive: universal suffrages by 2007. 

(C) Opposition to further democratic reforms
  45  It would be ten years or so since Chris Patten introduced docent elected constituencies and HK because a place of not pot. The HK society keeps on disintegration since then and spends too much energy on debates, briefing unrest to the HK society. Any constitutional reform should be achroved to bring the unrest to an end. 
  46  The current LEGCO structure does not have sufficient representatives to safeguard the interest of the professionals and the middle-class. This results in unfair and inefficient distribution of social resources." One-adult-one-vote" universal suffrage under current political circumstances in Hong Kong is unfavorable to the middle-class. "One-adult-one-vote" would further damage HK's economics & political structure and bring us unbearable political uncertainty, which ultimately would hamper our economic soundness. The constitutional reform should come up with a well-balanced structure which apply weighting according to "social importance". I strongly against the simple "one-adult-one-vote" mode of universal suffrage for election of LEGCO members and Chief Executive. 
  47  It would not be good for the people of Hong Kong to ask "too much" the so-called "Democracy" while the general public could not fully comprehend the subject. It would also have the effect to vote out the "Good currency by the bad currency". 
  48  Stability is most desirable in HK, see Taiwan & US Presidency Election. 
  49  Economic development is much more important than political reform. 
  50  DON'T WASTE TIME ON SOMETHING THAT IS LESS IMPORTANT THAN LIVELIHOOD! 

(D) Evaluation on the system of functional constituencies
  51  1. LegCo members should be of one kind. There should not exist functional constituency seats. Functional constituency seats will only protect a small group of people. Instead there should exist mechanism to consult professional bodies' advice regarding matters influencing them.2. Separate Votes of directly elected seats and functional constituency seats are ridiculous. Why representatives of small scale of population can influence the result.3. In consideration of Central Government's concern, proposal mentioned in Q6 is acceptable for a certain periods, say 8 year more. 
  52  Functional constituencies cannot carry out their "functions". Rather, they focus very much on the ultimate benefits they belong to. Therefore, their decisions are very conservative and are most likely to be influenced by HK government or Central government in China because these functional constituencies require to work with them. They don't want to have any decisions which are may be opposed to HK government or Central government. HK government is working for people of HK, for not particular groups of people in HK. I cannot see any reason why direct election is of no good to HK. Chief Executive makes (either directly or indirectly) many wrong decisions which adversely affect HK but is still able to "manage" HK. Why this can be continued? There must be a channel to express views of HK people and to control HK government. Democratic parties may not have concrete objectives. However, I have no way but to elect their representatives as they are the only people I can trust. Reform must be made so that HK people can restore their belief that government can help and work for the benefit of people of HK, not Central government. 
  53  Functional constituencies only entrench sectorial interests instead of wider interests. Although I can vote in functional constituencies, I still regard this system as unfair and unacceptable in a developed society as Hong Kong. 
  54  Vote for cancellation of functional constituencies in 2004 Legco election. 
  55  Functional constituencies should be abolished as soon as possible. - Constitutional reform should be carried out with the ultimate goal of attracting competent persons to participate in Legco election, instead of "reserving" the Legco seats for so many. 
  56  I accept that constitutional reform may at least try to balance the interest of all parties concerned. However, functional constituencies cannot be absoluted because they are representing the ultimate interests of the so-called "middle-class" people. 
  57  1. 60 seats is quite enough legislators for a city its size of Hong Kong - the idea of 90 (94) is chaohc and wasteful2. Functional constituencies are great and democratic - no geographical legislator ever asks for any opinion! 3. More fundamental than universal suffrage is finding ways/creating an atmosphere, that encourage its sent people in HK to want to participate in government. 
  58  HK should maintain the seats returned from functional constituencies as those group stand for more than half of the wealth of HK and their respective interests should be protected. The characteristics of these groups are small populations and quiet working groups and educated. Whatever constitutional reform needs to recognize the fact that HK is currently a part of PRC and we are not a colony or an independent territory. 
  59  1. There should be a change in functional constituencies, from group to individual or corporate. 2. Members in the 800-member Electoral Committee should be elected by the general public (translated).  
  60  1. Seats by functional constituencies should b maintained only for the professional bodies - This would generate a representative from the prot. (I.e. the knowledge sector). 2. Seats by geographical constituencies should be varied according to the population's size of that district - This would generate a % of representation. 
  61  The LegCo be eventually structured as 10 members from Functional & 50 members from Geographical Constituencies. Functional Constituencies are: --(1) Retails (2) Industry & Commerce--Non-SME (3) Industry & Commerce--SME (4) Engineering (5) Accounting (6) Legal (7) Medical & Health (8) Information Technology (9) Finance & Insurance (10) Building Management. The above Reform could be achieved by Year 2012 or 2016 as the latest.  
  62  I believe that more emphasis should be put on expanding or developing the functional constituencies rather than the direct election. The key to electoral reform should be to establish a system to ensure the best leaders are selected as legislators or the Chief Executive. Universal suffrage is unlikely to be the solution for such a system. Universal suffrage will only ensure the "most popular" person(s) be elected but not necessarily the "best person for the job" to be elected.  

(E) Views' on Central Government's role in constitutional reforms
  63  Central gov't should not intervene HK's constitutional reform. 
  64  Direct elections of all Legco members and the Chief Executive by universal suffrage. But will CCP ever cellow this to happen? 
  65  In my opinion, central government will NEVER permit Hong Kong People to have direct election of chief Executive and all Legco members. This is because central government still needs to retain some parties who support central government to exert influence on the Hong Kong government's Policy implementation. Businessmen will still play and important role in managing Hong Kong in the foreseeable future. Therefore, constitutional reform is just a "DREAM" which is never unachievable. Central government allows "ONE COUNTURY TWO SYSTEM" economically but not politically. 
  66  I am upset by the recent interference by the central government. 
  67  I am disappointed by the recent NPC's interpretation on Basic Law of 2007 & 2008 (partially translated). 
  68  No NPC's interpretation on Basic Law! No Central Government's intervention! (translated) 
  69  Regarding the election of the Chief Executive, it is better to be broadly acceptable by BOTH Hong Kong general public and the Central Government. 
  70  Chief Executive is the most important role in the constitutional reform, this person must be acceptable by the Central government. However, in my opinion, LegCo should have broadly support by the public and be elected in direct vote (i.e. not proportional voting system, nor geographical), the highest vote of 30 candidates would be LegCo member. 
  71  We can never never achieve universal suffrage... due to the fact that we are now under communist rule. 
  72  Any constitutional reform should ensure the prosperity of Hong Kong. Any constitutional reform should to be acceptable by the Central Government as it is not practicable without the support from the Central Government. Universal suffrage should only be implemented as and when Hong Kong people have attained a reasonable level of understanding of the reform and the implication of this political change. 
  73  Constitutional reform is not utmostly important item on HKSAR government agenda. When evaluating the elements in the reform, HKSAR should look into the political development of the central government as well. Walking far away from the pace of the central government is not wise or workable. 
  74  CENTRAL & LOCAL GOVERNMENTS MUST RESPECT THE WILL OF HONG KONG PEOPLE AND INTRODUCE DEMOCRACY TO HONG KONG WITHOUT DELAY. 

(F) Comments on the questionnaire
  75  Q3 and Q5 asked by which year I think the target of universal suffrage could be achieved. I really don't know what's the purpose of these two questions. You should rather ask by which year I prefer to see the universal suffrage being implemented. In this case, I would support 2007 for election of CE and 2008 for election of LegCo. 
  76  Your question 6 does makes little sense and is badly worded. The CE has to be directly elected by the people of Hong Kong to have any credibility and therefore to be able to achieve anything. The present CE is not fit for a post in the Government. The method of his election gives him no base and no support. The present system in Hong Kong represents institutionalized incompetence. The PRC Government and the Hong Kong Government have shown themselves by their actions to be untrustworthy. Who can believe that they will implement any proposals such as a phased 20-year move to full direct election in the Legislative Council? The functional constituency system is politically and morally bankrupt. Accountants do not deserve a reserved seat for them in the Legislative Council. The Hong Kong Government and the Chief Executive has failed the people of Hong Kong. After 1 July 2003 there was an opportunity for them to win back the trust of the Hong Kong people and make some meaningful reforms. By being unable or unwilling to represent Hong Kong people's views to the PRC Government they have destroyed hope for better governance in Hong Kong and have largely created the present impasse.Mr Tung is unpatriotic. If he were a patriot he would have resigned long ago. 
  77  These questions are all conceived. The problem is not with direct election. It is about how tast the electorate is expanded. It is also not about running the election committee into a nomination committee. It is more about how large the election committee. Should be and how far it should expand! Don't see how one can draw proper conclusion from this survey! 
  78  I think the questions are set out not simple enough for people to quickly understand and complete the questionnaire. For example, Q6, the question is not clearly as what subject is being asked. It is a bit confusing. Please note that a lot of professional accountants are too busy to read the questionnaire and then complete it. Further, when the questionnaire was sent to me, I thought it was one of the junk mail. As such, I have thrown it in the bin until someone told me this before I realized this. I suggest that in future the questions should be raised in a simple language. Otherwise, your result may be distorted. Thank you for your attention. 
  79  What are you trying to get at from Q3 and Q5? Shouldn't you be asking whether these SHOULD be achieved as a matter of principle rather that whether these could be achieved! 

(G) Others
  80  Chief Executive Tung's resignation is the best way for the constitutional reform. 
  81  In the overall interest of HK, it is better for Mr Tung to resign form his office and let Beijing to appoint an officer to take up the post of Chief Executive, ratter than ruining HK's economy in the coming three years. 
  82  Tung should step down immediately. 
  83  Add 6 seats for geographical constituencies after 2008 election for chief executive and legislative council elections. 
  84  The geographical constituencies should change from specific region/district to the whole Hong Kong. If the geographical area is increased, the election fee would be increased significantly. Probably, the election fee would be donated from business sector. It would be more balance on the interest of business sector and the grassroots who held the majority of the vote. 
  85  There should be a slight increase in the geographical constituencies in 2008. We are progressing towards "all seats by universal suffrage". It is hard to believe that there is no change in the proportion of geographical constituencies/total seats. 
  86  Hong Kong should be independent! 
  87  Our society could have fully accountable Gov't which penalized wrong-doing act, if Mr Tung was more competent. 
  88  For the Legco election, there should be more seats returned by geographical constituencies than functional constituencies. This should be take place not later than the 2008 election. Regarding the election of Chief Executive, expansion of the nomination committee is a must for the next election. 
  89  1. I have totally lost confidence in the 800-member electional committee which, as a whole, should be held responsible for the widely criticized disgraceful performance in 2002 in the election of the 2nd term CEO of the SAR. 2. The constitutional system was also not terted before, but it was adopted without full consultation. Unless the SAR government confirms that this system has totally failed, it has no grounds to argue that HK cannot have universal suffrage just because it has not been terted before. 
  90  It is not necessary to elect Chief Executive by universal suffrage - his / her party should win election + then agree who it should be. Functional constituencies should be abolished. Leading industrialists are should have NO say in anything political. 
  91  I see the biggest obstacle within HK in developing democracy here is the political free lunch that long enjoyed by the embers of the Business Sector. Unless they can turn to the HK people instead of the central Government for power, no constitutional reform could have been proceeded and this is definitely an all-less situation. 
  92  I remembered there was a man coming to the Tiananman Square and said to the student " I am sorry, I come here so late". We don't like to see we talk to our children, " our democracy comes so late!" 
  93  For Q6, should Q5 not be achieved by 2007, the proposal in Q6 could be considered. 
  94  We need a "two houses" system to act as check and balance, particularly against politician abusing the welfare policies and system for gaining rotes from general public. We need to expand the nominating committee for the chief Executive to better represent the ruinous interest parties (as in Q1), one way may be is by the functional / geographical constituencies. 
  95  The Legco's voting system for bills introduced by a Member should be amended. 
  96  None 
  97  Hong Kong is a part of China, China belongs to all Chinese not Communist. It is questionable Communist represents the best interest of all Chinese. Chinese, especially those who are living in Hong Kong, should carefully think who can represent their best interest in Hong Kong as well as China as a whole. 
  98  Personally, I feel HK is worse than Taiwan now for Taiwan can at least elect their own President. The "50 years" Promise has shortened into "5 years" Simply Pathetic! 
  99  To have a widespread consultation before making the final direction on constitutional reform. 
  100  1. ABOLISH HKSAR, 2 ESTABLISH HK AS A DIRECTLY ADMINISTERED CITY OF THE PRC, 3. APPOINT A PARTY SECRETARY AS HEAD OF HK BY THE CENTRAL GOV'T, 4. APPOINT A CITY MAYOR TO REPLACE THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE, 5. REPLACE HK'S COMMON LAW SYSTEM BY CONTINGGNTAL LOW SYSTEM, 6. REPLACE ALL HK COURTS BY PEOPLE'S COURTS, 7. APPOINT A CITY PEOPLE'S COMMITTEE TO REPLACE LEGCO & EXTCO. 
  101  The proposal under Q4 on election of Legco member is too slow! Why in 3 stages over a spare of 20 years. The proposal under Q6 is slow and time killing! 
  102  The focus of the people including politicians in HK should be improving the economy and livelihood. But I observe the politicians particularly the so-self-called democrats are just using the democratic flags to seek political powers and lust more than improving the well-beings of HK people. They stimulate and aggravate the conflicts between the Central Chinese Government and the HK people, by over-emphasing the TWO SYSTEMS. But I did not see the Chinese Government has actively controlling or intervening the affairs of HK. Since China is a vast country with billion of people, intervening HK is not her priority. We must educate the people of HK to use our brains, rather than being misled by POLITICIANS OR SO CALLED DEMOCRATS. I also support democracy, but I hate people using democracy for their own purpose.  
  103  Stand up, walk for our right, ... fight a good fight. 
  104  I support Q4 and Q6 as there is no other better option available. The process is way too slow in the direction of universal suffrage. 
  105  Regarding Q6, the acceptability of the proposal depends largely on what candidates are shortlisted by the Electoral Committee. Those "broadly acceptable by the Central Government" will likely be yesmen or die hard conservatives. In this respect, there may be no real choice at all. In addition, this election method may be retained for an unreasonably long period. The anti-democrats may claim that this is already a universal suffrage election, thereby delaying reforms.